Más allá de los movimientos propios de cada pieza, que son conocidos por casi todo el público, el ajedrez tiene una serie de jugadas que podríamos llamar “oficiales”. Son aquellas especialmente populares que aparecen en casi todas las partidas, ya sean de profesionales u aficionados. Y entre esas jugadas, una de las más famosas y curiosas sin duda es el enroque.
Este movimiento se añadió al ajedrez europeo en torno al siglo XIV, pero no sería hasta el XVII que adquirió sus reglas y formas actuales. De hecho, otras versiones del ajedrez, como la asiática por ejemplo, no lo reconocen como válido. Y es que además de una de las más famosas, también se considera una de las jugadas más controvertidas, ya que es la única que permite el movimiento simultáneo de dos piezas: la torre y el rey.
El movimiento en sí es sencillo, consiste en mover el rey dos casillas hacia la torre en la primera fila del tablero (la más cercana al jugador). Mientras que la torre haría el trayecto contrario, cruzándose con él, quedando situada a su lado. Hay dos tipos de enroque: corto (si el rey se enroca con la torre más cercana a él) o largo (si se enroca con la más lejana). La forma de anotarse, respectivamente, se hace de la siguiente manera: 0-0 o 0-0-0. Tradicionalmente, siempre se ha considerado un movimiento defensivo, ya que se utiliza para retirar al rey a una situación más protegida, cubierto por la torre y sus peones.
Sin embargo, a pesar de lo atractiva que pueda resultar la propuesta, hay una serie de requisitos que hay que cumplir para poder ejecutarla. La primera y más importante es que tanto el rey como la torre no pueden haber hecho ningún movimiento desde el inicio de la partida. Por este motivo, los enroques suelen ser un movimiento más propio del principio o la mitad del juego que del final. Cada jugador únicamente puede enrocarse una vez por partida y las casillas entre las dos piezas deben estar vacías. Además, en el caso del rey, no puede estar en una situación de jaque, así como las casillas por las que pase deben estar libres de ataque. Todas estas condiciones suelen resumirse en una única oración nemotécnica: “uno no puede enrocar de, a través de, o en jaque”.
Hay numerosos ejemplos de partidas famosas donde se ha utilizado esta jugada, siendo incluso una de las más importantes para la victoria. Pero si tuviéramos que elegir una, sería la de Wolfgang Heidenfeld y Nick Kerins (Dublín, 1973) donde se produjeron tres enroques. ¿Por qué? Porque como sin duda habréis deducido si habéis leído el artículo con atención… uno de ellos fue ilegal. ¿Sabes la respuesta? ¡Pues déjanosla en los comentarios!
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